Moorland fires have a devastating effect on the environment. Photo: Bob Smith/grough
Experts have revealed a moorland wildfire released emissions equivalent to the carbon footprint of a small town.
The Moors for the Future Partnership released the figures as exceptionally high temperatures increased the risk of further devastating blazes.
The Met Office is predicting the fire severity index, used to predict how serious a fire would be if it started, will rise to its highest level, five, for swathes of England on Monday, with almost all of England south of the Yorkshire Dales, along with most of eastern Wales, reaching the same exceptional severity on Tuesday.
A level-five FSI triggers the closure of open access land to walkers and climbers, though public rights of way will remain open.
Moors for the Future said its results came from a wildfire that took hold in the South Pennines in 2019. “The figure is equivalent to the annual carbon footprint of about 4,000 people,” a spokesperson said. “As the heatwave continues, the partnership is urging the public to be vigilant and report suspected fires on the moors.
“The fire in April 2019 devastated an area of blanket peat moorland the size of about 1,000 football pitches. Strong winds caused it to rip through moorland in the South Pennines for four days before it was eventually extinguished.
“Wildfires on peatland kill the plants and animals living on the surface, but what people may not realise is that underneath the living plant layer, the peat can be up to six metres deep. Peat is a huge store of carbon, and burns readily when dry.
“An estimated 12,000 tonnes of carbon were burned in the blaze, resulting in 43,000 tonnes of CO2 being released into the atmosphere. This is one reason fires on deep peat cause such harm – because they release so much of the carbon stored in the peat.”
The spokesperson said the 2019 fire was started by a barbecue.
The fire happened when birds such as the curlew were nesting. Photo: Moors for the Future
“This research highlights just one of the many reasons that wildfires are so destructive to precious blanket bog habitats. This fire, which took place in April, when rare birds like curlews are beginning to nest on the ground, had a devastating effect on wildlife. Once the living plant layer has gone, the peat is vulnerable to erosion by water and wind.
“Water runs faster from the smooth burned surface, making flood events more likely when it rains, and charred peat can be washed into watercourses and reservoirs.”
The research, part of Moors for the Future Partnership’s MoorLIFE 2020 project, was possible because scientists from the organisation were already monitoring the moor. They had installed ‘peat anchors’ – metal rods inserted in the peat to measure changes to its depth over time.
After the fire, it was possible to measure how much peat had disappeared from around the anchors. This figure was then used to estimate the amount of peat lost across the whole fire area.
Moors for the Future Partnership includes a wide range of organisations working together to improve the health of moors in the Peak District and South Pennines. “Most moors are covered by blanket bog, many of which have dried out and lost crucial bog plants, largely as a result of human activity,” its spokesperson said. “Together, the partnership is restoring huge areas of blanket bogs, making them wetter, and planting peat-building plants like sphagnum moss. It is hoped that as they return to good condition, they will be more resistant to wildfires, but this is a huge undertaking and will take decades to complete.”
Paul Titterton, research and monitoring officer at Moors for the Future Partnership and lead author of a report on the findings, said: “These figures show that the impact of moorland wildfires on the UK’s carbon reduction commitments is not to be underestimated.
“Not only do wildfires cause the release of huge amounts of carbon, but they create a knock-on effect where a burnt and bare moorland bog isn’t then absorbing and storing carbon like it should.
“Wildfires turn blanket bog from carbon sinks into carbon sources. It is simply too risky to light any kind of fire on or near the moors. As climate change continues, leading to longer spells of hot, dry weather, this problem is likely to become worse.
“Everyone should take note that if they see or suspect a moorland fire, or someone having a fire, they should phone 999 straight away. As the heatwave continues we’re asking people to once again be vigilant to prevent another fire at this scale.”
The Moors for the Future Partnership is led by the Peak District National Park Authority. It receives financial support from the Environment Agency, National Trust, South Pennines Park, RSPB, Severn Trent, United Utilities, Yorkshire Water, and support and advice from Natural England, National Farmers Union, Heather Trust, Woodland Trust, ethical finance sector and the British Mountaineering Council.
The fire severity index information for England and Wales can be seen on the Met Office website.
